Symptoms and Complications
High levels of ketones usually build up gradually in blood and urine, causing the symptoms of DKA:
- abdominal pain (especially in children)
- confusion
- decreased perspiration
- deep and rapid breathing (a later symptom)
- dry cool skin
- excessive thirst and urination
- fatigue
- high blood glucose
- nausea and vomiting
- presence of ketones in the urine
- rapid weight loss
- sweet, fruity odor on the breath (it may smell like nail polish remover)
As ketones accumulate in the blood, more ketones will be passed in the urine, taking sodium and potassium salts out with them. Over time, levels of sodium and potassium salts in the body become depleted, which can cause nausea and vomiting. The result is a vicious cycle.
Dehydration is another complication of DKA. High levels of ketones are associated with high sugar levels in the blood and urine. More water is drawn into the urine, resulting in frequent urination. Combined with vomiting - from an upset stomach, or possibly due to a flu or illness - the body quickly loses too much water and electrolytes. Dehydration can occur rapidly (within hours) and is very serious.